-Delile
- Imaphi amalungelo okuhambela onogogo nomkhulu?
- Imihlahlandlela ephathelene nomthetho
- 1. Imithetho evimbelayo yokuvakashelwa
- 2. Izimiso ezivumelekile zokuvakashelwa-
- Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngamalungelo ogogo nomkhulu
- ITroxel v Granville, 530 U.S. 57 (2000)
- Isinqumo senkantolo
- Waba yini umphumela weTroxel vs Granville?
- Uma ufuna amalungelo okuvakashelwa ugogo nomkhulu, ngabe udinga ukuya enkantolo?
Imaphi amalungelo okuhambela onogogo nomkhulu?
Kuze kube ngawo-1970, ukuvakashelwa kogogo nomkhulu nelungelo lokugcina izingane zazingekho. Kuze kube muva nje amalungelo okuvakasha asebenza kuphela kubazali bengane. Ngenhlanhla, namuhla wonke umbuso usungule imithetho ephathelene namalungelo okuvakasha kogogo nomkhulu nabanye abangebona abazali. Abangebona abazali bazofaka abantu abafana nabazali bokutholwa, abanakekeli, nabazali abangabondli.
Imihlahlandlela ephathelene nomthetho
Ngokunikeza ilungelo logogo nomkhulu lokuvakasha, izwe ngalinye lifake imihlahlandlela ephathelene nomthetho.Inhloso yalokhu ukuvumela ogogo nomkhulu ukuthi baqhubeke nokuxhumana nabazukulu babo.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zomthetho ezikhona maqondana nalolu daba.
1. Imithetho evimbelayo yokuvakashelwa
Lokhu kuvumela kuphela amalungelo okuvakashela ogogo nomkhulu uma omunye wabazali noma bobabili bengasekho noma uma abazali behlukanisile.
2. Izimiso ezivumelekile zokuvakashelwa-
Lokhu kuvumela umuntu wesithathu noma amalungelo okuvakasha kwengane enganeni noma ngabe abazali basashadile noma basaphila. Njengakuzo zonke izimo, inkantolo izobheka intshisekelo yengane. Izinkantolo zikhiphe isinqumo sokuthi ukuvakasha kuyavunyelwa uma zikholelwa ukuthi kusizakala ingane ukuthi ixhumane nogogo nomkhulu wayo
Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngamalungelo ogogo nomkhulu
Ngaphansi komthethosisekelo wase-US, abazali banelungelo elisemthethweni lokwenza izinqumo mayelana nokuthi izingane zabo zikhuliswa kanjani.
ITroxel v Granville, 530 U.S. 57 (2000)
Lesi yisimo lapho amalungelo okuvakasha ogogo nomkhulu ayefunwa khona ngunina wezingane, uTommie Granville, ekhawulela ukufinyelela kwabo ezinganeni ukuvakasha okukodwa ngenyanga kanye namaholide athile. Ngaphansi komthetho wezwe laseWashington, umuntu wesithathu angafuna ukufaka izicelo ezinkantolo zombuso ukuze bathole amalungelo okuvakashela izingane naphezu kwanoma ikuphi ukuphikisa kwabazali.
Isinqumo senkantolo
Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngamalungelo okuvakasha kukaTommie Granville njengomzali nokusetshenziswa komthetho waseWashington, kwephule amalungelo akhe njengomzali wokwenza izinqumo mayelana nokulawulwa, ukunakekelwa nokunakekelwa kwezingane zakhe.
Qaphela - Akukho okutholakele okwenziwe yinkantolo mayelana nokuthi ngabe zonke izimiso zokuvakasha okungesizo ezabazali zephula yini uMthethosisekelo. Isinqumo esenziwe yinkantolo sasinqunyelwe iWashington kuphela kanye nomthetho ababebhekene nawo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakugcinwe yinkantolo ukuthi umthetho waseWashington wawubanzi kakhulu ngemvelo yawo. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi yavumela inkantolo ukuthi isuse isinqumo somzali mayelana namalungelo okuhambela ogogo nomkhulu. Lesi sinqumo senziwe yize umzali esesimweni lapho angenza khona isinqumo esizwakalayo ngalolu daba.
Lesi simiso sasivumela ijaji ukuthi linikeze amalungelo okuvakasha kunoma yimuphi umuntu owenza isicelo ngalawo malungelo uma ijaji linquma ukuthi lokho kwakuzosiza ingane. Lokhu-ke kweqa ukwahlulela nesinqumo sabazali. Inkantolo yathi umthetho waseWashington wephula ilungelo labazali lokukhulisa izingane zabo uma ijaji linikeza la mandla.
Waba yini umphumela weTroxel vs Granville?
- Inkantolo ayitholanga ukuthi imithetho yokuvakasha ayihambisani nomthethosisekelo.
- Abafaka izicelo abavela eceleni basavunyelwe kuzo zonke izifundazwe ukuthi bafune amalungelo okuvakasha.
- Amazwe amaningi abheka kuphela amalungelo okuvakashelwa ngabantu besithathu njengomthwalo omncane kubazali ilungelo lokulawula ukukhuliswa kwezingane zabo.
- Ngemuva kwecala likaTroxel, amazwe amaningi manje abeka isisindo esikhulu ekutheni isinqumo somzali esifanele sithini mayelana nalokho okulungele ingane yakhe lapho ethatha isinqumo sokuthi anikezwe yini amalungelo okuvakasha, ikakhulukazi amalungelo okuhambela ogogo nomkhulu.
Uma ufuna amalungelo okuvakashelwa ugogo nomkhulu, ngabe udinga ukuya enkantolo?
Imvamisa lezi zindaba kungabhekwana nazo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukuthi udaba luxazululwe enkantolo. Ukulamula kuyindlela eyimpumelelo yokuxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kwezindleko zezimali zokubeka udaba enkantolo ukuxazulula izinkinga zamalungelo okuvakasha kogogo nomkhulu.